euclid elements commentary

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This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you enable Java on your browser, then youll be able to dynamically The following extract is taken from his commentary on Book I:-. (Elementa geometriae). Eis tou autou to proton, exegematon Proklou bibl. Slight differences present the Spanish version of Doors, an impeccable reference with a General Introduction and a set of notes of appreciated eloquence and clarity. Share to Facebook. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry . Euclid is also credited with devising a number of particularly ingenious proofs of previously discovered theorems: e.g., Theorem 48 in Book 1. based on a passage in Proclus' Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements. eutocius' commentaries on archimedes, and the vita. A Commentary On The First Book Of Euclid S Elements. His Stoicheia (Elements) is a 13-volume exploration all corners of mathematics, based on the works of, inter alia, Aristotle, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Plato, Pythagoras. Little is known about the author, beyond the fact that he lived in Alexandria around 300 BCE. Comprar Libro Los seis primeros libros y el undcimo y duodcimo de los elementos de Euclides, versin traducida sobre la versin latina de Federico Comandino conforme a la fiel y correcta edicin de Roberto Simson. is to show how Java applets can be used to illustrate geometry. Mathematics is still alive and well, but only as long as it rests on a pragmatic basis. illustrate the diagrams. Euclid of Alexandria, 19th Century (engraving), Cook, J.W., Private Collection, Bridgeman Images. Univ. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. in the original Greek, then in Arabic, Latin, and many modern languages. 5 A surface is that which has length and breadth only. Proclus's Commentary has a two part Prologue that has much to say about Platonic, Peripatetic, and allegedly Pythagorean philosophy, and gives a general history of Greek mathematicians. Euclid - The Father of Geometry, Euclid wrote a book called the Elements, likely the most famous textbook in history. Indeed, much of what is known or conjectured is based on what Proclus says. Adelard also composed an abridged version and an edition with commentary, thus starting a Euclidean tradition of the greatest importance until the Renaissance unearthed Greek manuscripts. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. based on a passage in Proclus' Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements. There are no reviews yet. The main one is to View six larger pictures Biography Euclid of Alexandria is the most prominent mathematician of antiquity best known for his treatise on mathematics The Elements. Division of Figures -- a collection of thirty-six propositions concerning the division of plane configurations. are irrational. Heiberg (1883), together with an English translation. The last 3 books cover topics on geometry of solids, polyhedra and circumstantial spheres. IE' EK TON THEONOS SYNOUSION. His book on commercial arithmetic Di minor guisa is lost as is his commentary on Book X of Euclid's Elements which contained a numerical treatment of irrational numbers which Euclid had approached from a geometric point of view. This is a page from a later Arabic edition of his commentary on Euclid's Elements, a page dealing with Euclid's method of exhaustion.. Index to Mathematical Treasures The beginnings had an intuitive and empirical basis. For, as the remarkable Aristotle tells us, the same ideas have repeatedly come to men at . Levi's commentary deals with Heath, Sir Thomas Little (1861-1940) The thirteen books of Euclid's Elements translated from the text of Heiberg with introduction and commentary. Euclid's Elements has no commentary: Book I starts with the definitions, postulates and common notions, and then states and proves the propositions. The First Book Of Euclid's Elements: With A Commentary Based Principally Upon That Of Proclus Diadochus. Euclid s Elements is by far the most famous mathematical work of classical antiquity, and also has the distinction of being the world s oldest continuously used mathematical textbook. 300 BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician. Introduction Euclid's Elements form one of the most beautiful and influential works of science in the history of humankind. )'s preface to euclid's optica. Three volumes. Gk (Proclus 1992a, pp. It was the primary source of geometric reasoning, theorems, and methods at least until the advent of non-Euclidean geometry in the 19th century. https://thesurprisespage.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/796801-explanation-of-the-golden-ratio-in-the-pentagram-five-pointed-star1.gif (Accessed 08/03/18), Euclid - The thirteen books of the Elements, Book V The General Theory of Magnitudes in Proportion, Book VI The Plane Geometry of Similar Figures, Book VIII Numbers in Continued Proportion, Book IX - Numbers in Continued proportion; the Theory of Even and Odd Numbers, Perfect Numbers, Book XII Areas and Volume; Eudoxuss Method of Exhaustion. - [EDITIO PRINCEPS OF THE ELEMENTS OF EUCLID & PROCLUS' COMMENTARY] by EUCLID OF ALEXANDRIA. It has influenced all branches of science but none so much as mathematics and the exact sciences. Share to Reddit. al-Haitham (about 965-1039) was known as an intellectual and a preeminent mathematician of his time. 2 A line is breadthless length. Euclid: Elements of Geometry The Greek word elementa, or "elements," used in this title is the same word used in Greek for "letters in an alphabet." Hence, Elementa Geometrica is to mathematics what letters are to vocabulary. Euclid's Elements of Geometry Euclid's Elements is by far the most famous mathematical work of classical antiquity, and also has the distinction of being the world's oldest continuously used mathematical textbook. kjetoc is however constantly used alone for a Any attempt to plot the course of Euclid's Elements from the third century b.c. commentaries on euclid, the scholia on euclid's elements and pappus' commentary on book x apollonius' proems and eutocius' commentary. Fitzpatrick. The Elements (Ancient Greek: Stoikhea) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.co.uk. Incontestably the best Latin translation from Arabic was made by Gerard of Cremona (c. 111487) from the Isq-Thbit versions. Buy Principle Source Publisher Edition of Euclid's Elements by Euclid, Hayes, David B (ISBN: 9798362645236) from Amazon's Book Store. Little is known about the author, beyond the fact that he lived in Alexandria around 300 BCE. We must next speak of the origin of geometry in the present world cycle. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. This is the full expres-sion for a perpendicular, kjetoc meaning let fall or let down, so that the expression corresponds to our plumb-line. Translated from the Text of Heiberg, with Introduction and Commentary, by T. L. The books discuss perfect numbers and primes; proof and generalization of Pythagoras Theorem, Euclid proved that the diagonals of the regular pentagon cut each other in "extreme and mean ratio", which is now more commonly known as the golden ratio or golden section. The impact of this activity on European mathematics cannot be exaggerated; the ideas and methods of Kepler, Pierre de Fermat (160165), Ren Descartes (15961650), and Isaac Newton (1642 [Old Style]1727) were deeply rooted in, and inconceivable without, Euclids Elements. The immense impact of the Elements on Islamic mathematics is visible through the many translations into Arabic from the 9th century forward, three of which must be mentioned: two by al-ajjj ibn Ysuf ibn Maar, first for the Abbsid caliph Hrn al-Rashd (ruled 786809) and again for the caliph al-Mamn (ruled 813833); and a third by Isq ibn unayn (died 910), son of unayn ibn Isq (808873), which was revised by Thbit ibn Qurrah (c. 836901) and again by Nar al-Dn al-s (120174). Euclid's Elements, Euclid Euclid Little is known about Euclid's actual life. Renditions of the Elements of Euclid In ancient times, commentaries were written by Heron of Alexandria (flourished 62 ce ), Pappus of Alexandria (flourished c. 320 ce ), Proclus, and Simplicius of Cilicia (flourished c. 530 ce ). All thirteen books complete in one volume. De Byrne. Your subject-specific guide to using library resources. . Book XII and Book XIII are complete and available in Spanish-Catalan, comparable to Heaths text. Also confronted with the adapted and modernized version of Joyce in certain passages, this online version consists of 132 definitions, 5 common or axiom notions, 5 postulates and 465 propositions. Among Euclids extant works are the Optics, the first Greek treatise on perspective, and the Phaenomena, an introduction to mathematical astronomy. Two treatises on music, the Division of the Scale (a basically Pythagorean theory of music) and the Introduction to Harmony, were once mistakenly thought to be from The Elements of Music, a lost work attributed by Proclus to Euclid. euclid is often referred to as the "father of geometry" and wrote possibly the most important and successful mathematical textbook in history, known as the "elements" - a comprehensive compilation and explanation of all the known mathematics of his time and the earliest known discussion of geometry, the branch of mathematics relating to the study Share to Twitter. Some of the propositions can be viewed as geometry exercises to determine if a figure is constructible by Euclidean means. His system, now referred to as Euclidean geometry, involved new . xvi, 139. Euclid first became known in Europe through Latin translations of these versions. Another reason The main subjects of the work are geometry, proportion, and number theory. Four lost works in geometry are described in Greek sources and attributed to Euclid. It has influenced all branches of science but none so much as mathematics and the exact Heath gives a very detailed exposition of the document itself, the critical tradition surrounding it, and even some notes on the . The First Book of Euclid's Elements, with a Commentary based principally on that of Proclus Diadochus. Michel Chasles (17931880) conjectured that the work contained propositions belonging to the modern theory of transversals and to projective geometry. i., Introduction . The first direct translation from the Greek without an Arabic intermediary was made by Bartolomeo Zamberti and published in Vienna in Latin in 1505, and the editio princeps of the Greek text was published in Basel in 1533 by Simon Grynaeus. marinus on euclid's data . There is no discussion about technique or history. This influenced the development of Western mathematics for more than 2000 years. The purpose of the Pseudaria (Fallacies), says Proclus, was to distinguish and to warn beginners against different types of fallacies to which they might be susceptible in geometrical reasoning. This work is licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). He is noted for writing the first major work on pure trigonometry as well as for his commentaries on Greek works. Scholars believe that the Elements is largely a collection of theorems proven by other mathematicians, supplemented by some original work.. Proclus (412 - 485 AD), a Greek mathematician who lived around seven centuries after Euclid, wrote in his commentary on the Elements: "Euclid, who put together the Elements, collecting many of Eudoxus' theorems, perfecting many of Theaetetus', and also . University Press, Cambridge, 1908. Fitzpatrick appends a note explaining this in modern notation: In other words, :::: if and only if m > n whenever m > n and m = n whenever m = n and m < n whenever m < n, for all m and n. This definition is the kernel of Eudoxus' theory of proportion, and is valid even if , , etc. Euclid (/ ju k l d /; Greek: ; fl. a lot to write in the guide sections and that will keep me busy for quite a while. After mentioning two students of Plato, Proclus writes The Elements have been studied 24 centuries in many languages starting, of course, Euclids Elements form one of the most beautiful and influential works of science in the The Elements of Euclid is a work consisting of 13 books. As for the content, you cannot do any better than Thomas Little Heath's commentary on Euclid's Elements. Greek mathematician Euclid lived in Alexandria, Egypt around 300 BCE, it is thought he attended Platos academy in Athens before moving here. Its beauty lies in its logical development of geometry and other branches of According to Pappus, the Porisms (Corollaries), in three books, contained 171 propositions. He was living in Alexandria about 300 B.C.E. The main subjects of the work are geometry, proportion, and number theory. The Elements -year 300 BC-, are a fascinating work of science to which attention, study and knowledge can be dedicated for various reasons of a different nature. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. It includes geometric methods for the solution of quadratics. Nasiraddin al-Tusi 1201-1274 Its beauty a reason without a doubt collaborates in the logical development of geometry and other branches such as Mathematics and Exact Sciences; another reason, the efficacy that emanates from the work that determines its universal value that distinguishes it from other attempts. A Commentary On The First Book Of Euclid's Elements In Proclus' penetrating exposition of Euclid's methods and principles, the only one of its kind extant, we are afforded a unique vantage point for understanding the structure and strength of the Euclidean System A . proclus' commentary on book i of euclid's elements is almost certainly a written version of lectures which he presented to students and associates in athens in the mid-fifth century. the work was presumably circulated among philosophers in the roman (byzantine) empire and used as the basis for other people's lectures, just as proclus made use of But all efforts to pursue rigor to the end have led to a dead end, where there is no longer agreement on what it really means. Like the fate of earlier Elements, Euclids Conics, in four books, was supplanted by a more thorough book on the conic sections with the same title written by Apollonius of Perga (c. 262190 bce). Euclid is often referred to as the Father of Geometry and wrote possibly the most important and successful mathematical textbook in history, known as the Elements - a comprehensive compilation and explanation of all the known mathematics of his time and the earliest known discussion of geometry, the branch of mathematics relating to the study of space and the relationships between points, lines, curves and surfaces. And the monumental and well-preserved Latin version printed by Ratdol in 1482 located in the Yuso Monastery. through the subsequent history of mathematics and science is an extraordinarily difficult task. No other workscientific, philosophical, or literaryhas, in making its way from antiquity to the present, fallen under an editor's pen with anything like an equal frequency. d. (Greek). D0TheMath 2 yr. ago 90-91]. theon(? With a multitude of pending corrections, we hope the start of the new phase that begins the project. In ancient times, commentaries were written by Heron of Alexandria (flourished 62 ce), Pappus of Alexandria (flourished c. 320 ce), Proclus, and Simplicius of Cilicia (flourished c. 530 ce). The text of all 13 Books is complete, and all of the figures are illustrated using the Geometry By submitting, you agree to receive donor-related emails from the Internet Archive. The text of this version is based on Heaths text, a Latin translation of the text that Heiberg and Menge translated from Greek and from which we can consult the original Latin Definitions. Little is known about the author, beyond the fact that he lived in Alexandria around 300 BCE. 1,29 is the converse of 1,27 f. 80-85; and Lvy, 1992, pp. Commentary on Euclid's Elements is almost the same work described by Nasir al-din al-Tusi (although al-Tusi gives a slightly different title for al-Jawhari's work: Emendation of the Elements). The first extant Latin translation of the Elements was made about 1120 by Adelard of Bath, who obtained a copy of an Arabic version in Spain, where he traveled while disguised as a Muslim student. Almost from the time of its writing, the Elements exerted a continuous and major influence on human affairs. Extant in the first group is the Data (from the first Greek word in the book, dedomena [given]), a disparate collection of 94 advanced geometric propositions that all take the following form: given some item or property, then other items or properties are also giventhat is, they can be determined. 7 A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself. This volume contains the definitive Ancient Greek text of J.L. work seems closest is The Book Explaining the Elements of Euclid, originally attributed to Nas.r al-Dn al-T.u s (1201-1274), but more recently attributed to his son or one of his students [see Rosenfeld, 1988, pp. He was living in Alexandria about 300 B.C.E. Mastin, L. (2010) The story of mathematics. Three volumes. Euclid's Elements, Euclid Euclid Little is known about Euclid's actual life. Those works are part of a corpus known as the Little Astronomy that also includes the Moving Sphere by Autolycus of Pitane. on October 3, 2013. - PROCLUS - PROKLOS. - Volume 3 Issue 54 We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! (Bibliotheca Universalis), Oliver Byrne utiliza formas geomtricas rojas, amarillas y azules en este libro para esquematizar Los Elementos de Euclides. Kitab tahrir al-usul li-Uqlidis (Commentary on Euclid's Elements). Euclid's Elements is the most famous mathematical work of classical antiquity, and has had a profound influence on the development of modern Mathematics and Physics. To consult the published books, you can follow the following link. Science is humility in the search for the true and as soon as it loses that humility it is no more than a form of trickery., All this aimed at forming elements of judgment in the reader. A commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. However, Euclid is generally credited with arranging these theorems in a logical manner, so as to demonstrate (admittedly, not always with the rigour demanded by modern mathematics) that they necessarily follow from five simple axioms. 2. a perpendicular straight line, kjeton ejean grammn. 1,27-29 of Euclid. After mentioning two students of Plato, Proclus writes Elements consists of 13 books, the first 6 refer to basic plane geometry. History of the Elements The Elements -year 300 BC-, are a fascinating work of science to which attention, study and knowledge can be dedicated for various reasons of a different nature. Considered the "father of geometry", he is chiefly known for the Elements treatise, which established the foundations of geometry that largely dominated the field until the early 19th century. Search the history of over 760 billion The thirteen volumes of Euclids Elements contains 465 formulas and proofs, described in a clear, logical style using only a compass and a straight edge, it contains formulas for calculating the volumes of solids such as cones, pyramids and cylinders. Euclid's Elements is the foundation of geometry and number theory. I still have In order to see how, please read Using the Geometry by Euclid / at-Tusi, Nasir al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad. 4 A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself. Applet, even those in the last three books on solid geometry that are three-dimensional. This edition of Euclids Elements uses a Java applet called the Geometry Applet to Su idea era usar los colores para facilitar el aprendizaje. STOICHEION BIBL. Proclus Diadochus, in his Commentary on Euclid 's Elements, relates the history of geometry up to the time of Euclid. In each proof, he asserts a mathematical truth or asserts that a geometrical construction i .more . From the seventh to the tenth deals with all numerical issues; Prime, radical, and divisibility numbers. history of humankind. Pp. Publication date 1970 Topics Geometry -- Early works to 1800, Mathematics, Greek A commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements by Proclus, ca. This version of the Elements is born with two intentions; recover the intrinsic interest of the work for its universal value and disseminate an interactive version that combines the traces of dynamic geometry and a contemporary version of the text in different languages for comparison. It is an excellent book providing many exercises to Euclid, some commentaries, ways to make things rigorous, what modern mathematics thinks of Euclid, and some extensions of the theories in Euclid. It is the movement of the geometric elements that generates the perception of three-dimensional space in the conceptual apparatus of each one and in that sense dispels certain unavoidable ambiguities of the static traces. Los libros de Euclides . and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.co.uk. rekindle an interest in the Elements, and the web is a great way to do that. New York: Dover Publications. change the diagrams. The Elements have been transmitted over 24 centuries through a thousand editions and in languages such as the original Greek, Arabic, Latin and modern languages such as English, German, Basque and this version in Spanish and Catalan. Five works by Euclid have survived to out day: The Elements Data -- a companion volume to the first six books of the Elements written for beginners. Euclid was a Greek mathematician best known for his treatise on geometry: The Elements. Nasr al-dn al-s (1201 - 1274) was a Persian astronomer and mathematician. Most of the theorems appearing in the Elements were not discovered by Euclid himself, but were the work of earlier Greek mathematicians such as Pythagoras (and his school), Hippocrates of Chios, Theaetetus of Athens, and Eudoxus of Cnidos. Rigor became a necessity with the Greeks, and although little was achieved until the nineteenth century for a moment it seemed achieved. There is no long-winded explanation; instead, from a set of 23 definitions, 5 postulates, and 5 common notions, Euclid lays out 13 books of geometrical proofs. mathematics. 2d ed. The Euclidean corpus falls into two groups: elementary geometry and general mathematics. Euclid (1956) The thirteen books of Elements. Indeed, much of what is known or conjectured is based on what Proclus says. Not really a commentary, but more a companion: Hartshorne's, Euclid and beyond. Your privacy is important to us. Available at: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Golden_ratio.html (Accessed: 08/03/18). 3 The extremities of a line are points. O'Connor, J. and Robertson, E. (July 2001 ) The Golden ratio. 410-485. The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements.. He etched his name into the annals of history by authoring a mathematical textbook titled the Elements. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. Among other things, he wrote a commentary and abridgement of the Elements and a collection of the elements of geometry and arithmetic drawn from the treatises of Euclid and Apollonius [Heath, page 88]. Available at: http://www.storyofmathematics.com/hellenistic_euclid.html (Accessed: 29/02/18). 6 The extremities of a surface are lines. The father of Hypatia, Theon of Alexandria (c. 335405 ce), edited the Elements with textual changes and some additions; his version quickly drove other editions out of existence, and it remained the Greek source for all subsequent Arabic and Latin translations until 1808, when an earlier edition was discovered in the Vatican. It is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics . Pappus also mentioned the Surface-loci (in two books), whose subject can only be inferred from the title. Euclid may not have been a first-class mathematician, but he set a standard for deductive reasoning and geometric instruction that persisted, practically unchanged, for more than 2,000 years. Cambridge Univ Press, New York, 1905. web pages The first book of Euclid's Elements with a commentary based principally upon that of Proclus Diadochus. Uploaded by That also helps to bring the 1905. Heath., C.B. 90-91) 1 Proclus's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements contains one of the most important discussions of the nature of mathematical objects and preserves a wealth of historical information about mathematics from antiquity. Proclus' commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements is doubtlessly the longest and most intellectually complex ancient text in the philosophy of math ematics that has been preserved. Reverso Context: -"Elements of Euclid" . It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. For readers inclined more toward mathematics than philosophy, the most exciting passages are probably to be found in Proclus' comments on prop. Its beauty lies in its logical development of geometry and other branches of mathematics. Heath, Sir Thomas Little (1861-1940) The thirteen books of Euclid's Elements translated from the text of Heiberg with introduction and commentary. On Divisions (of figures)restored and edited in 1915 from extant Arabic and Latin versionsdeals with problems of dividing a given figure by one or more straight lines into various ratios to one another or to other given areas. sciences. Euclid's Elements is a masterpiece with two primary contributions to mathematical knowledge. 1533. Elements alive. Un historia irreverente del conflicto entre la ciencia y las creencias, Los seis primeros libros y el undecimo y duodecimo de los elementos de Euclides. By W. B. Frankland. heron of alexandria. Press.) (Cam. Download A Commentary On The First Book Of Euclid S Elements full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Este libro se considera uno de los mas excepcionales y bellos del siglo XIX. The Elements of Euclid is a work consisting of 13 books. Be the first one to, JL_Heiberg___EUCLIDS_ELEMENTS_OF_GEOMETRY, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/euclid/Elements.pdf, http://www.freescience.info/go.php?pagename=books&id=2767, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). [Heath's commentary on Euclid, Elements, Book I, Proposition 12.] We do not sell or trade your information with anyone. The first English translation of the Elements was by Sir Henry Billingsley in 1570. Highly recommended to read alongside euclid. on the Internet. Although many of Euclids writings were translated into Arabic in medieval times, works from both groups have vanished. Applet before moving on to the Table of Contents. I'm creating this version of Euclids Elements for a couple of reasons. Elements is similar to Heath's edition which he translated from Heiberg's definitive edition in Greek, but it is slightly less literal to make it more readable. This work contained nearly fifty propositions additional to those given by Euclid and included an attempt by al-Jawhari to prove the parallel postulate. Euclid, also known as the Father of Geometry, was considered one of the greatest mathematicians of Greek times. The golden ratio. Euclids Elements is by far the most famous mathematical work of classical antiquity, and also has the distinction of being the worlds oldest continuously used mathematical textbook. It helps to know some ancient Greek for the full experience, but you suffer no great loss otherwise. 8 74-5; 1873, pp. O'Connor, J. and Robertson, E. (July 2001 ), Euclid; Thomas L. Heath (Editor); Thomas Little Heath (Commentaries by), Thomas L. Heath (Editor); Euclid; Thomas Little Heath (Commentaries by), Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). It is sometimes said that, other than the Bible, the Elements is the most translated, published, and studied of all the books produced in the Western world. Euclidean geometry is still as valid today as it was 2,300 years ago, it is widely used in many disciplines, including art, architecture,science andengineering, to name but a few. Cambridge University, P. (1999) 'Cambridge dictionaries online'. 3 vols. Vol. Read online free A Commentary On The First Book Of Euclid S Elements ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. '' > Euclid: Transmission euclid elements commentary the work are geometry, involved new includes geometric for. 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